The most popular among the trees Siberia is a Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica).
The Irkutsk region is entirely within the boundaries of the range cedar. But it is found only in some parts of it in places with high humidity. It forms forests in the upper part of the forest belt of the Eastern Sayan, Hamar-Dabany, Baikal, the Primorsky Range, as well as at higher elevations (Lena-Angara Plateau, Angarsk Range) and only on the Hamar-Dabany drops to the water's edge of Lake Baikal. In the Angara pine forests occupy small areas. Several more are found here cedar as an impurity in the dark coniferous taiga, mixed composition. In the past, the cedar has been distributed much more widely, but was destroyed by forest fires and predatory logging for the collection of pine seeds and obtain valuable timber.
Siberian stone pine is often called the Siberian pine and Siberian stone pine. The first of these names is a literal translation of its Latin scientific name. Cedars are the same in Russian were called quite different trees growing in Africa, Arabia and the Himalayas, and called on Latin cedar (Cedrus), but not cedars. The second of the same phenomena plaguing the names of the Siberian cedar is an analogy of the scientific Latin name of the European pine - pine pine (Pinus cembra).
Cedar or peel (Ceder) - an ancient name of the European pine. So the ancient Romans called it - Latins - the ancestors of the Italians, at home where it grows. When two thousand years ago the Romans conquered the island of Crete, we saw trees that are very similar to the shape of crown and cones on a popular tree of their homeland, and called it cedar (cedrus), that is, like cedar trees. This term became the scientific generic name of these trees.
Later firm Latin peel (Ceder) turned into a soft Italian first peel (Cedro) and then tsembro (Cembro). It became known as the European pine, called Science stone pine.
Science does not retain information about how our ancestors called cedar - Slavs. And he grew up in eastern fifths (provinces) holdings Lord Novgorod the Great, and, of course, was popular. It remains unknown, and how we came to the very term - "Cedar". This could occur by borrowing from the English language, in which the term (in English transcription - Cedar) with the addition of 75 adjectives are called conifers and a few dozen hardwood trees, timber which outwardly looks like a cedar.
But more likely, that the term has come to us with Christian icons, which were originally written only on the plates of a Lebanese cedar tree - the only tree species growing in the home of Christianity - in Palestine. Slavic Languages threw his uncharacteristic end of the term "tsedrus" and began calling those cedar planks and wood, from which they are made, - cedar.
When the icon began to write other Slavs, the haul for the boards for the ends of the earth proved to be expensive. Therefore had to use boards of local trees - cedar wood which is in appearance very similar to the wood of the Lebanese cedar tree. Since cedar and got its popular name.
This may be easier, and not in Kiev or Novgorod Russia, and on the Balkan Peninsula, where Orthodoxy made a little earlier, and cedar grows nearby. Living in the Balkans, the Bulgarians simply borrowed the term from the Italians. A of the Bulgarians, along with the script, he moved to the Eastern Slavs.
Thus, the historical and linguistic position, call the cedars do not properly victuals cedar trees, and growing in Europe and Siberia pyatihvoynye pine. This applies to the Far East Korean pine.
In the Irkutsk region pine forests occupy only the fourth highest prevalence (12% of forest area). It should be noted that the area of artificial stone pine forests and are much exaggerated, as are pine forests, which include those at Cedar accounts for at least 25% (0,3), timber reserves, which means it does not always prevail.
The most popular among the trees in the population of Baikal region rightly enjoys kedrKedr Siberian - a tree is very large. According to F. K. Arnold (1898), in the last century in the Urals met cedars from which sawed the board width 2.5 feet (178 cm). Such trees have disappeared long ago, not only in the Urals and in the Urals, but also in Siberia, where pine forests have survived a little better. Because pine survived in places far from the best site conditions, the size of cedar in them is not the maximum for this tree. In the Irkutsk region of old cedars height rarely exceeds 35 m, a diameter of 1.5 m. The average height of the pine stands are usually not more than 25m in diameter, some cedars up to 1 m and average diameter of the oldest generations of 56-60 cm
Maximum age of cedar difficult to establish, because it is very old trees are usually amazed at their core rot. It is believed that the Siberian stone pine live to 800 years. In the Irkutsk region of very few cedars over 600 years and almost no cedars over 700 years (if there is, they are rotten). But the age of 400 years is quite common for the old stone pine forests, although widely distributed pine in the age of 200-250 years.
To grow over a wide area, the Siberian stone pine morphologically and ecologically heterogeneous. He identifies a number of morphological forms and ecotypes are usually interrelated. Clearly different form of mountain cedar, often raised to the rank of subspecies or even species. In the highlands of East Sayan (in its eastern part) and the Altai found stlanikovaya form of Siberian pine, which is often confused with creeping cedar. Sometimes this form is called a cedar bush (Talantsev et al, 1978), which is false, because in this form are not branches diverging from the root collar, like a shrub, but from the close-lying on the ground the trunk, which is typical for stlanikovoy form.
The morphological and ecological characteristics of pine of the Eastern Sayan and Hamar-Da-Ban differ from the cedar forests Lena region. In the Lena region in cedar cones and a half times larger, in them, respectively, more seeds, larger seeds themselves. They differ also on the length of the needles, color and fractured crust. A common feature of environmental cedar in the Baikal region, due, apparently, the specifics of climate is to increase the longevity of the needles. It rests on a tree is 10-11 years, instead of 6-7 years in the western part of the range cedar.
The bark of the cedar is thin, which makes it susceptible to mechanical damage (including a stab in the procurement of seeds), which facilitates penetration into the trunk of fungal infections, and to fire. Especially sensitive to forest fires, pine forests with undergrowth and the second tier of fir. Grass-roots, even the runaway fires are quickly moving in the upper house-thanks to the combustibility of the rich essential oil fir needles and low to the ground subsidence branches of fir.
For old cedar trees in stands characterized kandelyabrovidnoe lifting upper branches flush with the top or somewhat above, creating Mnogovershinnoye. This feature is a device for increasing the Seminiferous as pine cones have formed only on the lighted branches. Detached cedars and fray Mnogovershinnoye is weak or absent.
For shade-tolerant pine second only to the Siberian fir and Siberian fir superior. His Shade, as well as other tree species, decreases with age, particularly strong in the beginning of Seminiferous, depending on the particular conditions of growth. On the more fertile and moist soils optimally Shade cedar rises, and the poor and dry - is reduced. Reduces it with increasing altitude terrain.
Like most of the widespread genus of pine, Siberian stone pine has a strong and polymorphic root system, the structure of which depends on the characteristics of soils. This allows him to grow on soils of very different texture, thickness, trofnosti and moisture availability (of course, within the properties of forest soils).
Some botanists believe that the lack of soil moisture cedar can compensate with high humidity. The ability to endure dry soil in a humid climate, and vice versa due to the cedar, as well as in other plants, not the biological properties of some compensation, among others, but simply the dependence of transpiration rate of moisture supply and weather conditions.
Dependence of properties on the environmental conditions of the environment expressed by the cedar better than the other conifers of Siberia. This is due to large surface area of needles, the polymorphism of the root system and some anatomical features that increase its adaptability to a wide range of conditions in which it grows.
Most clearly, this adaptability is manifested in regard to humidity and temperature of soil. At the northern limit of its distribution in humid and cold climates, Siberian stone pine is sensitive to frost and the soil is heated slopes with drier soils. On the contrary, in conditions of sufficient heat supply in the southern part of the range cedar elect the most cold and wet because better habitat. In places with enough for him Heating and optimum moisture content (eg at Hamar-Dabany) cedar grows on all elements of relief.
To grow in the late thawing soils, cedar forms a shallow root system, but deadwood from it becomes. In such conditions the roots of his very long, creating a large area of support. Significant elongation of roots is generally characteristic of woody and herbaceous plants growing in cold soils. Furthermore, in these conditions the root systems of neighboring cedars grow together, significantly increasing their wind resistance.
In wetland soils with well-developed moss cover cedar often forms adventitious roots. In this adaptation to wetland soils exceeds it only L. gmelinii.
The weakness of cedar is its insistence to the high relative humidity, especially in winter. In this he is similar to a fir-tree, which differs from other environmental characteristics. This demands a very large surface area due to needles of cedar and fir. Therefore, in places with dry climate, pine can not grow, which limits its resettlement in forest-steppe.
Large, heavy, devoid of wings cedar seeds are not carried by wind, especially the buds on the tree were not disclosed, but, being very rich in nutrients, are the preferred food for many animals (estimated in the Irkutsk region - 23 species of birds and 10 species of mammals).
Making a rainy day reserves, a major consumer of stone pine seeds - nutcracker - provides the resettlement of the tree. She carries them often at great distances and hides in small batches under the moss cover. This is good for the burial of seeds, as well as hide them from other users and protects against extreme temperature fluctuations. It is favorable for seed germination, since release powerful in seedlings of cedar root of the need to penetrate a layer of moss.
In the field, deprived of moss, nutcracker does not do (no place to hide the seeds). Avoid it places with dense plant cover or canopy cover of shrubs and large shrubs, which hamper its action at the ground.
For this reason, the burned and felling the cedar is not renewed once, but only after the formation of moss, often with temporary or long-term change to an intermediate breed direct resumption of cedar normally only found in the upper part of the forest belt of mountains.
Almost colonization can occur only in years of abundant harvests of seeds. Low yields are often completely destroyed before the seeds ripen. Average yields are destroyed later, but also completely or almost completely.
On average over the decade, including the lean years, pine forests provide from 40 to 180 kg / ha of seeds per year. Yields of 200-250 kg / ha are considered good, 100 kg / ha - average, less than 50 kg / ha - bad.
Cedar sibirskiyNa cedar branches formed by 1.5 cones, sometimes up to 10. In good years on the tree happens to 80-100 cones, very rarely up to 140. But usually in such years, no more than an average of 15-30 cones per tree.
In cedar fray in good years is up to 200 and even 300 cones on the tree. In cedar gardens in the care of the trees found even up to 1500 cones on one tree. But their average of almost 8-10 times less.
The value of crop seeds pine depends on many factors, primarily on site conditions, weather conditions during pollination, fertilization and maturation of seeds of species, the typological and age composition of stands, crown density, tree health. Cyclical Seminiferous eleven-year period determined by solar activity, largely affecting the weather conditions, and limits its time frame required for the accumulation of trees Seminiferous supply of nutrients. Different variants of this overlap creates diverse and geographically diverse picture of the frequency Seminiferous cedar.
Seminiferous a free-standing cedar trees in the fray and starts with 25-40 years old, single cones can appear earlier. In stands with stocking 0,4-0,5 it starts at 50-80 years, with a crown density of 0,7-0,8 - in 70-100 years. In the Lena region Seminiferous cedar begins at 30-40 years later than in the Hamar-Dabany and Eastern Sayan.
Enhanced Seminiferous continues the cedar from 160 to 260 years, then gradually fades. Stand is at the age of 400-500 years are industrial crops seeds only when their good sanitary condition, that is rare.
Cedar - a monoecious tree with opposite-sex "inflorescence. Female cones are formed on the terminal shoots lighted branches in upper crown. Male spikelets - strobilus on lateral shoots of the branches of the middle part of the crown. With good lighting crowns and the other may be formed on the same branch.
Pollination occurs in June, fertilization - by 11-12 months after pollination. The seeds ripen in September next year after pollination. Pollen has air bags, so disperses far.
Vegetative and reproductive organs are not damaged with low winter temperatures. But the "flowers" and winter (wintering female cones) sensitive to temperature and humidity, do not tolerate frost, drought, prolonged rains, accompanied by cooling, which significantly reduce or completely destroy the crop seeds.
Morphologically and by their appearance, as well as the use of cedar seeds resemble the seeds of fruits such as walnut. cialis generico Therefore, the population refers to as pine seed nuts, which are often found in scientific literature, although with botanical products represents a grave mistake. Some botanists really quite wrong to attribute cedar nut plants.
Long duration of life span makes cedar available fungal diseases. In the Irkutsk region cedar found 25 parasitic fungi, of which 5 are on the needles, 5 on seedlings and shoots, and 15 on the trunks. Most of these fungi, including wood-, rare, or sporadic and significantly weakens only some very old trees. The mass of cedar in central Siberia affects only pine sponge, more precisely - spruce pine species sponges (Phelinus pini, var, abietis). Because it causes heart rot, which covers almost entirely the sound of the barrel, then, as a rule, the defeat of its trees are not affected in any significant way on their Seminiferous.
